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| | 相关仪器 | 结构 | 原理 | 用途 | 优点 | 缺点 | 使用注意事项 | | ||
| | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | | ||
| | **长颈漏斗** | 无活塞，长导管，无支管 | 气体实验必须液封防止漏气 | 气体发生装置添加液体 | 结构简单，组装方便，成本低；实验过程中可以随时补加液体 | 无法控制液体滴加速率，与反应的停止；不能分液、过滤 | 气体实验导管末端必须浸入液面下液封；气密性检验：加水形成一段稳定水柱；不能存放挥发性、有毒试剂 | | ||
| | **球形分液漏斗** | 球形腔体，无支管 | 滴液需要打开上口塞平衡大气压；依靠密度差实现分层分液 | ①萃取、分液；②常压滴加液体 | 可以控制滴加速率，可控制反应的发生和停止 | 反应器内部压强大于外界大气压时，液体难以滴落，不能用于产气密闭装置滴液；不能承受高压体系 | 使用前必须检漏；分液：下层下口放出，上层从上口倒出；碱液不可久置，防止磨口粘连卡死 | |
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When a separatory funnel is shaken with volatile solvents or gas-forming mixtures, pressure can build up and eject the stopper or spray the contents when opened. Because this row presents extraction and its operating precautions, it should explicitly instruct users to invert the funnel and vent it repeatedly during shaking; the repository's existing extraction guidance already identifies this requirement in 07 化学实验/03 常见实验.md:65.
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| | 相关仪器 | 结构 | 原理 | 用途 | 优点 | 缺点 | 使用注意事项 | | ||
| | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | | ||
| | **长颈漏斗** | 无活塞，长导管，无支管 | 气体实验必须液封防止漏气 | 气体发生装置添加液体 | 结构简单，组装方便，成本低；实验过程中可以随时补加液体 | 无法控制液体滴加速率，与反应的停止；不能分液、过滤 | 气体实验导管末端必须浸入液面下液封；气密性检验：加水形成一段稳定水柱；不能存放挥发性、有毒试剂 | | ||
| | **球形分液漏斗** | 球形腔体，无支管 | 滴液需要打开上口塞平衡大气压；依靠密度差实现分层分液 | ①萃取、分液；②常压滴加液体 | 可以控制滴加速率，可控制反应的发生和停止 | 反应器内部压强大于外界大气压时，液体难以滴落，不能用于产气密闭装置滴液；不能承受高压体系 | 使用前必须检漏；分液：下层下口放出，上层从上口倒出；碱液不可久置，防止磨口粘连卡死 | |
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For reactions where material already delivered into the flask continues reacting, closing the stopcock only stops further reagent addition; it does not stop the reaction itself. Saying the separatory funnel can control the reaction's occurrence and cessation therefore teaches an unsafe generalization—the supported claim is that it controls the addition rate and, consequently, can regulate the reaction rate.
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| Status | Name | Latest Commit | Preview URL | Updated (UTC) |
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Nov 03 2026, 02:56 AM |
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| | **球形分液漏斗** | 球形腔体，无支管 | 滴液需要打开上口塞平衡大气压；依靠密度差实现分层分液 | ①萃取、分液；②常压滴加液体 | 可以控制滴加速率，可控制反应的发生和停止 | 反应器内部压强大于外界大气压时，液体难以滴落，不能用于产气密闭装置滴液；不能承受高压体系 | 使用前必须检漏；分液：下层下口放出，上层从上口倒出；碱液不可久置，防止磨口粘连卡死 | | ||
| | **恒压滴液（分液）漏斗** | 支管 | 支管连通漏斗上部与烧瓶，平衡气压，不用打开上口塞 | 密闭、产气、回流实验中滴加液体试剂 | 平衡内外气压，适合密闭产气体系；带活塞，可控制滴速，随时停止滴加 | 仪器腔体结构设计偏向滴液，不适合做萃取分液；带有细玻璃支管，支管脆弱，极易磕碰破碎，仪器损耗率高；仪器结构复杂，成本更高 | 使用前检漏；支管仅平衡气压，不能防倒吸；碱性试剂使用完毕立刻清洗 | | ||
| | **布氏漏斗** | 多孔陶瓷底板 | 减压（负压）压强差，抽走装置内空气实现固液快速分离 | 减压抽滤，快速固液分离 | 依靠负压抽滤，过滤速度远快于普通过滤；得到的固体产物含水量低，固体更干燥 | 仅可用于固液分离，不能滴液，分液；不适合过滤胶状沉淀（胶状物堵塞) | 滤纸略小于陶瓷板，完整盖住全部小孔；操作顺序：先开泵，再加料；结束先断开橡胶管，后关闭真空泵，防止倒吸；抽滤瓶严禁直接加热 | | ||
| | **索氏提取器** | 粗的虹吸侧管，提取筒、冷凝管、圆底烧瓶 | 溶剂加热汽化冷凝浸泡固体；液面到达虹吸高度，虹吸回流，循环萃取 | 固体样品连续萃取有机物 | 利用循环虹吸，少量溶剂就可以多次萃取固体，溶剂消耗量少，萃取效率高 | 组装复杂；只能用于固体萃取，不能滴液、分液；有温度限制，温度过高溶剂暴沸 | 固体样品用滤纸包裹，防止粉末堵塞虹吸管；须搭配冷凝管使用；实验结束先冷却，再拆卸整套装置 | |
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For a standard Soxhlet extractor, “粗的虹吸侧管” confuses the two side tubes: the wider tube carries solvent vapor toward the condenser, while the narrower bent tube siphons liquid back into the flask. This teaches readers to identify the wrong tube as the siphon and misinterpret the solvent circulation path. Describe both tubes separately rather than identifying the thick side tube as the siphon; Corning’s apparatus documentation also distinguishes the vapor tube from the protected siphon tube.
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fix