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An exponential of a multiple of a logarithm is integrated as the power it is - #1434

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Sep 21, 2026
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e^(k ln(q)) is q^k — the definition of the principal power, for every complex q other than zero — and that is the spelling the parser gives every inverse hyperbolic function: acoth(a x) is 1/2 ln((a x + 1)/(a x - 1)). So Rubi's 7.4.2 rows, exponentials of the inverse hyperbolic cotangent, arrived at the integrator as exponentials of a logarithm, which no exponential rule reads — e^acoth(a x) x^3 was declined in 86 ms while x^3 sqrt((a x + 1)/(a x - 1)), the same integrand, is answered by the radical substitution. The simplifier folds the shape since #1430, but the integrand is not simplified before the rules see it (by design), so the fold is a route of the integrator: SolveByFoldingAnExponentialOfALogarithm, right after the flattening of a power of an exponential, asked as a question of its own so the closed rules meet the folded integrand at the top. The multiplier is gathered from the whole product in the exponent, since e^(3 acoth(a x)) arrives as e^(3 (1/2 ln q)).

Of fifteen 7.4.2 rows the probe declined, seven are answered and verified (e^(2 acoth(a x)) (c - a² c x²)² → a polynomial, (c - c/(a² x²))³/e^(2 acoth(a x)), e^acoth(a x)/(c - c/(a x)), e^acoth(a x) (c - c/(a x))^(7/2), e^(1/3 acoth(x)) x², …). Family 7 on the corpus: 159/270, 0 wrong (153 before; 49 timeouts, 46 before — three rows that were declined at once are searched to the budget now). 1774 suite unchanged: 1706, 0 wrong.

ExponentialOfALogarithmIntegralTest: four 7.4.2 shapes with numeric parameters and three plain e^(k ln q) shapes, each differentiated back at five points beyond a x = 1. Full suite 12117 passed, 0 failed. BREAKING-CHANGES.md rows measured on a v2.5.0 build.

Part of #718.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

https://claude.ai/code/session_012sonx8iAspMiwRwokT1Ura

Rafael-SOWNet and others added 2 commits September 21, 2026 02:41
…r it is

e^(k ln(q)) is q^k, the definition of the principal power for every complex q other than
zero, and that is the spelling the parser gives every inverse hyperbolic function:
acoth(a x) is 1/2 ln((a x + 1)/(a x - 1)). So e^acoth(a x) x^3 arrived as an exponential
of a logarithm, which no exponential rule reads, and is x^3 sqrt((a x + 1)/(a x - 1)), a
root of a quotient of linears, which the radical substitution answers. The simplifier
folds the shape since #1430; the integrand is not simplified before the rules see it, so
the fold is a route of its own, asked as a question of its own so that the closed rules
meet the folded integrand at the top. The multiplier is gathered from the whole product
in the exponent, since e^(3 acoth(a x)) arrives as e^(3 (1/2 ln q)).

Rubi's 7.4.2 (exponentials of the inverse hyperbolic cotangent): of fifteen rows the
probe declined, seven are answered and verified.

#718

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_012sonx8iAspMiwRwokT1Ura
@Rafael-SOWNet
Rafael-SOWNet merged commit f66b5c3 into master Sep 21, 2026
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Rafael-SOWNet deleted the exponential-of-a-logarithm branch September 21, 2026 03:00
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