[v3] Extract Concepts from v2 exercise: collatz-conjecture #401

Extract the list of concepts required to solve the v2 C++ exercise: collatz-conjecture. For each concept, describe why it is required to solve the exercise. Keep in mind that an exercise can have multiple approaches (you can find community solutions here: https://exercism.io/tracks/cpp/exercises/collatz-conjecture/solutions). The goal of this task is to help determine the total list of concepts that make up collatz-conjecture.

The list of concepts should be stored in the following document: languages/cpp/reference/exercise-concepts/collatz-conjecture.md. Use this link to create a PR to add this document.